Description of terms:
- GRAPHITE is an allotropic form of the element carbon, consisting of layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms in a planar condensed ring system. They layers are stacked parallel to each other in a three-dimensional structure. The chemical bonds within the layers are convalent with sp2 hybridization. The weak bonds between the layers are metallic with a strength comparable to Van der Waals bonding.
- GRAPHITE FIBERS are CARBON FIBERS consisting mostly of SYNTHETIC GRAPHITE, for which three-dimensional crystalline order is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Note: GRAPHITE FIBERS can be obtained by GRAPHITIZATION HEAT TREATMENT of CARBON FIBERS, if these consist mostly of GRAPHITIZABLE CARBON.
- GRAPHITE MATERIAL is a material consisting essentially of GRAPHITIC CARBON.
- GRAPHITE WHISKERS consist of thin, approximately cylindrical filaments in which GRAPHENE LAYERS are arranged in a scroll-like manner. There is, at least in part, a regular stacking of the layers as in the GRAPHITE lattice. Along the cylinder axis, the physical properties of GRAPHITE WHISKERS approach those of GRAPHITE. Note: If there is no three-dimensional stacking order as in GRAPHITE, due to misalignment of the layers caused by their bending, the term CARBON WHISKERS should be used. GRAPHITE WHISKERS and CARBON WHISKERS should be distinguished from more disordered FILAMENTIOUS CARBON.
- GRAPHITIC CARBONS are all varieties of substances consisting of the element carbon in the allotropic form of GRAPHITE, irrespective of the presence of structural defects.
- GRAPHITIZABLE CARBON is a NON-GRAPHITIC CARBON which, upon GRAPHITIZATION HEAT TREATMENT, converts into GRAPHITIC CARBON.
- GRAPHITIZATION is a solid state transformation of thermodynamically unstable NON-GRAPHITIC CARBON into GRAPHITE by means of heat treatment. Note: the use of the term GRAPHITIZATION to indicate a process of thermal treatment of CARBON MATERIALS at>2500K, regardless of any crystallinity, is incorrect.
- GRAPHITIZATION HEAT TREATMENT is a process of heat treatment of a NON-GRAPHITIC CARBON, industrially performed at temperatures in the range 2500-3300K, to achieve transformation into GRAPHITIC CARBON. Note: The common use of the term GRAPHITIZATION for the heat treatment process only, regardless of the resultant crystallinity, is incorrect and should be avoided.
- GRAPHITIZED CARBON is a GRAPHITIC CARBON with more or less perfect three-dimensional hexagonal crystalline order, prepared from NON-GRAPHITIC CARBON by GRAPHITIZATION HEAT TREATMENT.
- GREEN COKE (RAW COKE) is the primary solid CARBONIZATION product from high boiling hydrocarbon fractions obtained at temperatures below 900K. It contains a fraction of matter that can be released as volatiles during subsequent heat treatment at temperatures up to approximately 1600K. This mass fraction, the so-called volatile matter, in the case of GREEN COKE is 4-15%, but is also depends on the heating rate.
- HEXAGONAL GRAPHITE is the thermodynamically stable form of GRAPHITE, with an ABAB stacking sequence of the GRAPHENE LAYERS.
- ISOSTROPIC CARBON is a monolithic CARBON MATERIAL without preferred crystallographic orientation of the microstructure.
- ISOTROPIC PITCH BASED CARBON FIBERS are CARBON FIBERS obtained by CARBONIZATION of isotropic pitch fibers after these have been stabilized.
- LAMP BLACK is a special type of CARBON BLACK produced by incomplete combustion of a fuel rich in aromatics that is burned in flat pans. LAMP BLACK is characterized by a relatively broad particle size distribution.
To be continue.